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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Passivity (engineering) ： ウィキペディア英語版 Passivity (engineering) Passivity is a property of engineering systems, used in a variety of engineering disciplines, but most commonly found in analog electronics and control systems. A passive component, depending on field, may be either a component that consumes (but does not produce) energy (thermodynamic passivity), or a component that is incapable of power gain (incremental passivity). A component that is not passive is called an active component. An electronic circuit consisting entirely of passive components is called a passive circuit (and has the same properties as a passive component). Used out-of-context and without a qualifier, the term passive is ambiguous. Typically, analog designers use this term to refer to incrementally passive components and systems, while control systems engineers will use this to refer to thermodynamically passive ones. Systems for which the small signal model is not passive are sometimes called locally active (e.g. transistors and tunnel diodes). Systems that can generate power about a time-variant unperturbed state are often called parametrically active (e.g. certain types of nonlinear capacitors).〔Tellegen's Theorem and Electrical Networks. Penfield, Spence, and Duinker. MIT Press, 1970. pg 24-25.〕 ==Thermodynamic passivity== In control systems and circuit network theory, a passive component or circuit is one that consumes energy, but does not produce energy. Under this methodology, voltage and current sources are considered active, while resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, tunnel diodes, metamaterials and other dissipative and energy-neutral components are considered passive. Circuit designers will sometimes refer to this class of components as dissipative, or thermodynamically passive. While many books give definitions for passivity, many of these contain subtle errors in how initial conditions are treated (and, occasionally, the definitions do not generalize to all types of nonlinear time-varying systems with memory). Below is a correct, formal definition, taken from Wyatt et al. (which also explains the problems with many other definitions). Given an ''n''-port ''R'' with a state representation ''S'', and initial state ''x'', define available energy ''E''''A'' as: :$E\_A(x)=\backslash sup\_\; \backslash int\_0^T\; -\backslash langle\; v(t),i(t)\backslash rangle\; \backslash ,\; \backslash mathord\; with\; the\; fixed\; initial\; state \text{'}\text{'}x\text{'}\text{'}\; (e.g.,\; all\; voltage–current\; trajectories\; for\; a\; given\; initial\; condition\; of\; the\; system).\; A\; system\; is\; considered\; passive\; if\; \text{'}\text{'}E\text{'}\text{'}$''A'' is finite for all initial states ''x''. Otherwise, the system is considered active. Roughly speaking, the inner product $\backslash langle\; v(t),i(t)\; \backslash rangle$ is the instantaneous power (e.g., the product of voltage and current), and ''E''''A'' is the upper bound on the integral of the instantaneous power (i.e., energy). This upper bound (taken over all ''T'' ≥ 0) is the ''available energy'' in the system for the particular initial condition ''x''. If, for all possible initial states of the system, the energy available is finite, then the system is called ''passive.'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Passivity (engineering)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.